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The most prominent and scholars included Dr. Archived from on 3 April 2010. The darshan is important to the experience of the Kumbh Mela and because of this worshipers must be careful so as to not displease religious deities. Allahabad never receives snow, but experiences dense winter fog due to numerous wood fires, coal fires, and open burning of rubbish—resulting in substantial traffic and travel delays.\
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There is fairly good acreage under barley. The city is situated on an inland peninsula, surrounded by the rivers and on three sides, with only one side connected to the dakota Doab region, of which it is dating allahabad part. Retrieved 25 June 2014. Indian Administration 6th Edition. Allahabad, the freedom struggle, and Indian politics During the Mutiny of 1857, Allahabad had only a small garrison of European troops. After capturing Jaunpur, Shah Jahan ordered the prime of Allahabad.

Retrieved 15 May 2016. It is one of four sites of the , an important mass Hindu. The , built during the 1930s as a new home for the when the became the local headquarters, has memorabilia from the Gandhi-Nehru family. Retrieved 25 September 2012.\
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A procession of march over the Ganges River during the Kumbh Mela at Allahabad in 2001. Hindi: इलाहाबाद , also known by its original name Prayag Hindi: प्रयाग , is one of the largest cities of the North Indian state of in. Although Prayaga was renamed Ilahabad in 1575, the name later became Allahabad in an version in Roman script. The city is situated on an inland peninsula, surrounded by the rivers and on three sides, with only one side connected to the mainland Doab region, of which it is a part. This position is of importance in scriptures for it is situated at the confluence, known as , of the holy rivers. As per Rigveda the now dried up was part of the three river confluence in ancient times. It is one of four sites of the , an important mass Hindu. Since its founding, Prayaga renamed Allahabad has played an important role in the history and cultural life of India. Ancient times The city was originally known as Prayaga place of the confluences — a name that is still often used. Excavations have revealed of in present-day Allahabad. That it is an ancient town is also illustrated by references in the the most ancient of Hindu to Prayaga. It is believed to be the location where Brahma, the Creator of the Universe, attended a sacrificial ritual. The , another important group of religious texts, record that left Prayaga and conquered the region of. His five sons , , , and became the main tribes of the. Archaeological sites in India, such as and near in present-day show iron implements in the period 1800—1200 BC. When the first settled in the North Western part of India, Prayag was part of their territory, of the Kuru tribe , although, it was not settled and most of Doab consisted of dense forests at that time. The centre of action at that time was in the Punjab, where the Vedas were written. Rig Veda, written during that period has a special mention of as a holy place. The or, Vamsas are called to be a branch of the. The ruled the Doab and Kurukshetra area from near present-day. In the Later Vedic period, when Hastinapur was destroyed by floods, the Kuru King Nichakshu transferred his entire capital with its citizens to a place next to , which he named as identified with the village Kosam, 56 km away from. The Vatsa or Vamsa country corresponded with the territory of modern in. It had a monarchical form of government with its capital at , now part of. Udayana was the ruler of in the 6th century BCE, the time of Buddha. He was very powerful, warlike and fond of hunting. Initially king Udayana was opposed to but later became a follower of Buddha and made Buddhism the state religion. As the centre of activity shifted from the Punjab to the Doab, termed as , in the post-Vedic period, the importance of both Kaushambi and Prayaga rose significantly. Indeed, Prayaga became the centre of the post Vedic culture and the emergence of modern Hinduism, as we know it today. In the coming centuries, Kaushambi also became an important seat of Buddhism. The Kurus were later divided into the Kurus and. With Kurus controlling the Upper Doab and Kurukshetra area, while the Vatsas controlling the middle and lower Doab. Later the Vatsas too were divided into two groups, with one group ruling from Mathura, and the other group ruling from Kaushambi. During the epic era, Prayaga was made up of a few 's huts at the confluence of the sacred rivers, and much of the countryside was continuous. The region, including Prayaga, was controlled by several empires and dynasties in the ages to come. It became a part of the and empires of the east and the empire of the west before becoming part of the empire. Objects unearthed in Prayaga now Allahabad indicate that it was part of the empire in the 1st century AD. According to Rajtarangini of Kalhana, in 780 CE, Prayag was also an important part of the kingdom of Karkota king of Kashmir, Jayapida. Jayapida constructed a monument at Prayag, which existed at Kalhana's time. In his memoirs on India, , the Chinese and chronicler who travelled through India during 's reign A. Muslim rule built by Akbar in 1575 In contrast to the account of , the Muslim historians mention the tree to be located at the confluence of the rivers. Dubey states that it appears that between this period, the sandy plain was washed away by the Ganga, to an extent that the temple and tree seen by the Chinese traveller too was washed away, with the river later changing its course to the east and the confluence shifting to the place where Akbar laid the foundations of his fort. As the majority of the houses would have been mud-walled, a flood could easily destroy them. Long before this time, the old city had, no doubt, been deserted, for we know that the fort of Allahabad was founded on its site. While he states that there is no way modern Prayag is ancient, but the city site of located opposite of the confluence was the ancient settlement of Prayag. He adds that after captured Asní near , he couldn't have crossed into without visiting Prayag had there been a city worth plundering. He further adds that its capture should have been heard when captured Benares. However, Ghori's historians never noticed it. Mughal rule Between 1574 and 1583, Akbar's fort was built. Other writers also attribute it to the facilitate the collection of pilgrimage tax from those visiting , though this appears unlikely as he had already abolished it in 1563. Speculations regarding its name however exist. Because of the surrounding people calling it Alhabas, has led to some people holding the view that it was named after from and was renamed by Akbar in the interest of Islam. The name, however, predates him, with Ilahabas and Ilahabad mentioned on coins minted in the city since Akbar's rule, the latter name became predominant after the emperor's death. It has also been thought to not have been named after but ilaha the gods. Akbar deputed his son to carry on the war against while leaving to campaign in Deccan. The latter, however, tried to seize Agra's treasury in mid-1600 and came here after his failure. Upon reaching Allahabad, he seized its treasury and set himself up as a virtually independent ruler while raising an army. After concluding his campaign, Akbar returned to Agra in August 1601 and negotiated with Salim for eight to nine months. The latter, however, started advancing upon Agra with a 30,000-strong cavalry ostensibly under the pretext of paying respects to him. Akbar offered him the choice to return to visit him only with a small escort or return to Allahabad if he did not feel safe in doing so. Salim chose to return to city. In May 1602, Salim had his name read in and his name minted on coins in Allahabad. Akbar then reconciled with him and Salim returned to Allahabad, where he spent his time drinking and taking opium before returning to the royal court in 1604. A unique artefact associated with Jahangir's reign found in Allahabad is a , now in the 's collection. In 1720, the negotiated the surrender of the rebellious governor Girdhar Bahadur, under the condition of him being made the governor of , being able to appoint all civil and military officers in the province and being given 30 lakh rupees from Bengal's treasury. He had been worried about the administration of the area, particularly after Ali Quli Khan Zaman's rebellion. Allahabad was selected as its capital. Akbar deputed his son to carry on the war against while leaving to campaign in Deccan. The latter, however, tried to seize Agra's treasury in mid-1600 and came here after his failure. Upon reaching Allahabad, he seized its treasury and set himself up as a virtually independent ruler while raising an army. In May 1602, Salim had his name read in and his name minted on coins in Allahabad. Akbar then reconciled with him and Salim returned to Allahabad, where he spent his time drinking and taking opium before returning to the royal court in 1604. After 's death in 1622 at , he was buried alongside his mother in a garden near. This garden was later named after him. In March 1624, and other nobles seem to have retired from Deccan under and. On the orders of Jahangir, they proceeded to Allahabad to check 's rebellion. After capturing Jaunpur, Shah Jahan ordered the siege of Allahabad. The siege was however lifted by Abdulla Khan after Parwez and Mahabat Khan came to assist the garrison. A unique artefact associated with Jahangir's reign found in Allahabad is a , now in the 's collection. In 1630-31, a man named Abdal near dense forests of Allahabad rebelled, constructed a fort and used to plunder passerbys. The Qulij Khan Turani consequently attacked him, arrested 1,000 rebels while their ladies comitted. The place was renamed Islamabad and the temple constructed by the rebel was converted into a mosque. During the Mughal war of succession, the commandant of the fort of Allahabad who had joined made an agreement with 's officers and surrendered it to Khan Dauran on 12 January 1659. In 1720, the negotiated the surrender of the rebellious governor Girdhar Bahadur, under the condition of him being made the governor of , being able to appoint all civil and military officers in the province and being given 30 lakh rupees from Bengal's treasury. Nawabs of Awadh The fort was coveted by the for the same reasons Akbar built it. British troops were first stationed at Allahabad fort in 1765 as part of the signed by Lord , Mughal emperor , and. The combined forces of Bengal's Nawab , Shuja and Shah Alam were defeated by the English at Buxar in October 1764 and at Kora in May 1765. Alam who was abandoned by Shuja after the defeats, surrendered to the English and was lodged at the fort, as they captured Allahabad, and in his name. The territories of Allahabad and Kora were given to the emperor after the treaty was signed in 1765. He spent six years there and after the takeover of by the Marathas, left for his capital in 1771. Upon realizing the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general to drive them out. The Marathas were granted an imperial for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was, however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the battle of Ramghat. In August and September 1773, met Shuja and concluded a treaty, under which Kora and Allahabad were ceded to the Nawab for a payment of 50 lakh rupees. Maratha rule Before British rule was imposed over Allahabad, the city was conquered by. Marathas left behind two beautiful eighteenth-century temples with intricate architecture. British rule In 1765, the combined forces of the and the Mughal emperor lost the to the. Although the British did not take over their states at that time, they established a garrison at Fort Allahabad, understanding its strategic position as the gateway to the northwest. In 1801 the Nawab of Awadh ceded the city to the. Gradually the other parts of Doab and adjoining regions to its west including the Delhi and regions were won by the British. These northwestern areas were made into a new province called the , with its capital at Agra. Allahabad was located in this province. Acquired in 1801, Allahabad asides from its importance as a pilgrimage center, it was a stepping stone to the agrarian track upcountry and the. It also potentially offered sizeable revenues to the Company. Initial began in 1803. The qanungos assisted the British Edward Cuthbert. They provided physical paper records and histories of revenue returns which helped in negotiations with the cultivators, , and those who owned rent-free lands. In 1834, Allahabad became the seat of the Government of and a High Court was established. A year later both were relocated to Agra. In 1857, Allahabad was active in the. After the mutiny, the British truncated the Delhi region of the state, merging it with , and transferred the capital of the North-Western Provinces to Allahabad, where it remained for the next twenty years. In 1877 the two provinces of Agra and Awadh were merged to form a new state which was called the. Allahabad was the capital of this new state till the 1920s. Allahabad, the freedom struggle, and Indian politics During the Mutiny of 1857, Allahabad had only a small garrison of European troops. Taking advantage of this, the rebels brought Allahabad under their control. After the Mutiny was quelled, the British established the High Court, the Police Headquarters and the Public Service Commission in the city. This transformed Allahabad into an administrative center, a status that it enjoys to this day. The fourth and eighth session of the was held in the city in 1888 and 1892 respectively on the extensive grounds of , Allahabad. At the turn of the century, Allahabad also became a nodal point for the revolutionaries. In 1931, at in Allahabad, the revolutionary killed himself when surrounded by the. The Nehru family homes of and , both in Allahabad, were at the center of the political activities of the Indian National Congress. In the years of the struggle for Indian independence, thousands of nonviolent resistors , led by , and , went to jail. The first , Jawaharlal Nehru, as well as several Union ministers such as Mangla Prasad, Muzaffar Hasan, K. Katju, and Lal Bahadur Shastri, were natives of Allahabad. The first seeds of the idea of were sown in Allahabad. On 29 December 1930, 's presidential address to the proposed a separate state for the Muslim majority regions of India. After independence, areas from the adjoining region of in the east were merged with Allahabad district, which remain part of the district to this day. The government split the original Allahabad district into two districts, and. Allahabad has many sites of interest to tourists and archaeologists. Forty-eight kilometres to the southwest, on the banks of the Yamuna River, are the ruins of Kaushambi, which was the capital of the kingdom and a thriving center of. On the eastern side, across the river Ganges and connected to the city by the Shastri Bridge is , capital of the. About 58 kilometres northwest is the medieval site of with its impressive wreckage of 's fort. On the southwestern extremity of Allahabad lies ; it has three mausoleums, including that of Jahangir's first wife, Shah Begum. Allahabad is the birthplace of , and the Nehru family estate, called , is now a museum. It is also the birthplace of , and the home of , both later Prime Ministers of India. Thus, Allahabad has the distinction of being the home of several Prime Ministers in India's post-independence history. Prayaga was a well-known centre of education dating from the time of the , and into modern times. It has been granted status. Allahabad University is a major literary centre for Hindi studies. Many , and scholars spent their lives here, propagated their works in and enriched the literature. In the 19th century, Allahabad University earned the epithet of 'Oxford of the East'. The founder of the attained sainthood in this place. Many famous writers of Hindi and Urdu literature have a connection with the city. Notable amongst them are , , , , , and. This is the literary Hindi heartland. The culture of Allahabad is based on Hindi literature. The famous English author and Laureate 1907 spent time at Allahabad working for as an assistant editor and overseas correspondent. Another landmark of the literary past of Allahabad was the publishing firm Kitabistan, owned by the Rehman brothers, Kaleemur Rehman and Obaidur Rehman. They published thousands of books, including those by Nehru. They became the first publishers from India to open a branch in London in 1936. Sanskrit scholars like , Dr. Baburam Saxena, Pandit Raghuvar Mitthulal Shastri, Professor Suresh Chandra Srivastava, and Dr. Manjushree Srivastava were both students and teachers at the University of Allahabad. The most prominent and scholars included Dr. Abdul Sattar Siddiqui and his colleague Muhammad Naeemur Rehman who was known for his well organized personal library of tens of thousands of books, which was open to all. A noteworthy poet is , better known under the name of Firaq Gorakhpuri. Firaq was a major poet and literary critic of the 20th century. Both Firaq and Harivansh Bachchan were professors of English at Allahabad University. Firaq Gorakhpuri and Mahadevi Varma were awarded the , the highest literary honour conferred in the in 1969 and 1982 respectively. Other poets from Allahabad include Nooh Narwi, Tegh Allahabadi, Raaz Allahabadi, Firaq Gorakhpuri, and Asghar Gondvi. Mehrotra, former head of English department at the University of Allahabad, has been nominated for the post of professor of poetry which was earlier held by poets like Matthew Arnold and W. Short story writers Azam Kuraivi, , and Adil Rasheed are all from Allahabad. Aqeel Rizwi and Hakeem Asrar Kuraivi also hail from Allahabad. Rajendra Yadav, Mamta and Ravindra Kalia, Kamaleshwar, Namwar Singh, and many other new age literary writers and critics began their literary careers in Allahabad. The city is also home to many young and upcoming literary figures. It has also been one of the biggest centres of publication of Hindi literature; examples are Lok Bharti, Rajkamal and Neelabh. Rajesh Verma is working on a book about eco-feminism, which will be the first major work on environment-related issues to be published in Allahabad. Published by Clarendon Press, 1908. Published by Asian Educational Services, 2000 original 1875. Published by Banaras Hindu University, 1966. Published by Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974. Published by Clarendon Press, 1975. Dubey, Neelam Singh, Society of Pilgrimage Studies. Published by Society of Pilgrimage Studies, 1996. Published by Raka Prakashana for the Museum, 1999. Published by Penguin Books, 2007. Jayetilleke 5 December 2007. Archived from on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008. Prayāga, the Site of Kumbha Melā: In Temporal and Traditional Space. Allahabad: a study in urban geography. Allahabad: a study in urban geography. Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580-1707. A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine 1712-1772. Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580-1707. Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580-1707. Inayat Ali Zaidi 1975. The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. The History of India, 1000 A. Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580-1707. History of Bengal: The Reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib. A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine 1712-1772. A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine 1712-1772. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
